Synthetic Organic Chemistry

Nucleic acids are biopolymers or large biomolecules essential for all renowned forms of life. Nucleic acids that embrace DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are made up of monomers called nucleotides. If the sugar is ribose the compound is RNA. Once all 3 elements are combined they type a macromolecule. Nucleotides are called phosphate nucleotides. In organic chemistry, amino acids having each the paraffin and the acid teams attached to the first (alpha-) atom have particular importance known as 2-, alpha-, or α-amino acids (generic formula H2NCHRCOOH in most cases wherever R is an organic substituent referred to as a "side-chain" often the term "amino acid" is used to refer specifically to those.

• Classification of amino acids
• Peptides sequence analysis
• Stereochemistry of amino acids
• Acid-base behavior of amino acids
• Synthesis of amino acids
• Reactions of amino acids
• Peptide structure amino acid analysis
• Nucleosides
• Classification of carbohydrates
• Fischer projections and the DL notational system
• Aldotetroses
• Disaccharides and polysaccharides
• Epimerization and isomerization

Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the intentional construction of organic compounds. Organic molecules are more complex than inorganic compounds, and their synthesis has developed into one of the most important branches of organic chemistry. Organic molecules are described has additional drawings or structural formulas, combinations of drawings and chemical symbols. Lewis structures simplest model in addition brought up as Lewis-dot diagrams show the bonding relationship between atoms of a molecule and thus the lone pairs of electrons among the molecule. Lewis structures can also be useful in predicting molecular pure mathematics in conjunction with hybrid orbitals. Resonance structures are used once one Lewis structure to determine the ionic bonding one molecule cannot fully describe the bonding that takes place between shut atoms. Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds.

• Methodology and applications
• Stereo selective synthesis
• Synthesis design
• Chemo informatics tools for drug discovery
• Resonance and ionic bonds
• Polar covalent bonds and multiple bonding

Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds except carbon-based compounds, which are the subjects of organic chemistry. Inorganic chemistry has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry, including, materials science, catalysis, surfactants, medications, fuels, pigments and agriculture.

Bioinorganic chemistry is a field that explains the role of metals in biology. Bioinorganic chemistry includes the study of both natural phenomena and as well as artificially introduced metals. Those are the non-essential in medicine and toxicology. Many biological processes depend upon molecules that fall within the realm of inorganic chemistry.

• Oxygen transport and activation proteins
• Metal ion transport and storageBio mineralization
• Alkali and alkaline earth metals
• Transition

Medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry are disciplines at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where they are included with plan, compound amalgamation and advancement for market of pharmaceutical specialists, or bio-dynamic atoms (drugs).

Substances utilized as prescriptions are frequently organic compounds, which are regularly isolated into the wide classes of  organic compounds (e.g., atorvastatin, fluticasone, clopidogrel) and "biologics" (infliximab, erythropoietin, insulin glargine), the last of which are regularly restorative arrangements of proteins (normal and recombinant antibodies, hormones, and so on.). Inorganic and organometallic compounds are additionally valuable as medications (e.g., lithium and platinum-based operators, for example, lithium carbonate and cis-platin and also gallium).

Types and characterization of organic compounds

• Aliphatic and aromatic compounds
• Heterocyclic compounds
• Nomenclature of new compounds

Industrial chemical testing and regulatory services to help quality and regulatory standards and optimal efficiency across the supply chain. Industrial Chemistry is the branch of chemistry, applies physical and chemical processes of conversion of raw materials into products that are of useful for mankind.  Industrial chemistry is the manufacturing art for the transformation of waste matter into useful materials.

• Industrial revolution
• Life sciences
• Technology
• Specialty chemicals and consumer products

Pharmaceutical chemistry is the study of drugs, and it involves development of drugs. This includes drug discovery, introduction, absorption, metabolism, and more. Pharmaceutical chemistry incorporates treatments and remedies for disease, analytical techniques, pharmacology, metabolism, quality assurance, and drug chemistry. Pharmaceutics deals with the formulation of an unadulterated drug substance into a dosage form.

 Divisions of pharmaceutics include:

• Pharmaceutical formulation
• Pharmaceutical manufacturing
• Dispensing pharmacy
• Pharmaceutical technology
• Physical pharmacy
• Pharmaceutical jurisprudence

Unadulterated drug substances are generally white crystalline or amorphous powders. The clinical act of drugs depends on their form of presentation to the patient.

• Pharmaceutical chemistry and novel aspects
• Nano medicine and nanotechnology
• Pharmaceutical biotechnology and tissue culture
• Overview on pharmaceutical industry
• Pharmaceutical analysis
• Drug delivery techniques ,drug discovery and development
• Drug designing methodologies

Photochemistry is the branch of science deals with the effects of light. This term is utilized to depict a mixture reaction produced by absorption of light (wavelength from 100 to 400 nm) observable light (400 – 750 nm) or infrared radiation (750 – 2500 nm) in nature. Photochemistry is of enormous significance as it is the premises of photosynthesis, vision, and the development of vitamin D with sunlight. A photochemical reaction continues uniquely in contrast to temperature-determined reactions. Photochemical techniques get to high energy intermediates that can't be created thermally, vigor interference in a brief time frame, and permitting reactions generally difficult to reach by warm procedures. Photochemistry is likewise destruction, as shown by the photo-degradation of plastics.

• Organic and organometallic photochemistry
• Mechanistic organic photochemistry
• Synthetic organic photochemistry

Fluorescent molecules, also called fluorophores or simply flour’s, respond distinctly to light compared to other molecules. As shown below, a photon of excitation light is absorbed by an electron of a fluorescent particle, which raises the energy level of the electron to an excited state. Fluorescent dyes are non-protein molecules. They are often used in the fluorescent labeling of biomolecules and can be smaller or more photo stable than fluorescent proteins but cannot be genetically encoded.

• Fluorescence
• Reactivity and conjugated dyes
• Nucleic acid dyes
• Cell function dyes
• Applications
• Uses outside the life proteins

The biological and chemical properties of natural products for the past two centuries has produced drugs for the treatment of several diseases, But has instigated the development of synthetic organic chemistry and the medicinal chemistry as a major route to discover efficacious and novel therapeutic agents.  Nature provided a fascinating array of chemical structures in the form of bioactive secondary metabolite.

Heterocyclic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with properties, and applications of these heterocyclic.  Although heterocyclic compounds are   inorganic most of the atoms contain at least one carbon atom. While the atoms are neither carbon nor hydrogen are normally referred to in organic chemistry as heteroatoms.

• Chemistry and efficacy of natural products
• Safety and regulation of natural products
• Health and beauty product innovation
• Methodologies for natural products

Analytical chemistry is the branch of science of obtaining, processing, and providing information about the composition and structure of matter. In other words, it is the art of determining what matter is present and if present then, how much of it exists. Analytical chemistry is often described as the branch of chemistry responsible for characterizing the composition of matter, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Chemical reactions occur once collisions occur between atoms or molecules and there is ensuing modification among the arrangement of the chemical bonds. Therefore the rate of a reaction is proportional to the number of collisions between molecules.  Not every collision will cause a reaction of the complete variety of collisions solely a specific share will occur at the appropriate energy to allow the processes of force breaking and forming to occur. A first-order reaction could also be a reaction that yields at a rate that depends linearly on only one analysis. Differential rate laws square measure usually accustomed describe what is occurring on a molecular level throughout a reaction whereas integrated rate laws square measure used for crucial the reaction order and also value of the speed constant from experimental measurements and chemical biology.

• Synthesis of polymers
• Properties of polymers
• Structure and morphology
• Phase behavior
• Chemical and optical properties

Drug interaction is the change in the action or side effects of a drug caused due to administration with a food. There are many causes of drug interactions for example one drug may alter the pharmacokinetics of another drug alternatively.

The interactions may result from competition for a single receptor or signaling pathway. The risk of a drug-drug interaction increases with the usage of drugs. Over a third (36%) of the elders regularly uses five or more medications and 15% are at risk of a significant drug-drug interaction.

• Pharmacodynamics interactions
• Pharmacokinetic interaction
• Herb-drug interaction
• Underlying factors
• Epidemiology

 An understanding of attraction dipoles and also the numerous types of non-covalent unit forces permits America to elucidate on a molecular level and many evident physical properties of organic compounds. Throughout this section, we square measure progressing to specialize in solubility, melting point and boiling purpose. Boiling happens once the chance of heat turning into internal energy and work to carry out vaporization   becomes up to the chance of the reverse pathway. The boiling thermal property is higher the stronger the unit attractions as a results of the stronger the static force of attraction, the ton of energy is required to separate the particles and the larger the static P.E. increase associated with vaporization.

• Principles of molecular spectroscopy and electromagnetic radiation
• Infrared spectroscopy
• Mass spectroscopy
• UV absorption spectroscopy
• NMR spectroscopy
• Molecular spectroscopy
• Chromatography

Biochemistry also called as biological chemistry, it is the study of chemical processes relating to living organisms. Agricultural chemistry is the study of Biochemistry and mostly organic chemistry which are vital in agricultural production. The processing of raw products into foods and beverages in environmental monitoring and hazardous rectification. These studies emphasize the relationships between plants, animals and microorganism and their environment. The science of chemical compositions and changes concerned within the production, protection and use of crops and placental. All the life process through those humans acquires food and fiber for themselves and feed for their animals. As an engineering or technology it's directed towards management of these processes to extend yields, improve quality and cut back prices.

• Biochemistry and agrochemicals
• Elementary calculus
• Weed biology and control
• Biochemistry and metabolism

Green chemistry is also known as sustainable chemistry. It is the branch of chemistry and chemical engineering focused on the creations of products and processes that minimize the use and protect the generations from hazardous substances.

Environmental chemistry focuses on the consequences of chemical polluting on nature. Environmental chemistry focuses on technological approach preventing pollution and reducing consumption of non-renewable resources.

• Green catalysis
• Green chemical solvents
• New trends in green chemistry
• Chemical risk and regulatory issues
• Human exposure and toxicity

The study of stereochemistry focuses on stereoisomers. The isomers have the same molecular formula and same number of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space. Stereo chemistry includes organic, inorganic, biological, physical and especially supra- molecular chemistry.  The effect on the physical or biological properties these relationships impart upon the molecules in question, and the manner in which these relationships influence the reactivity of the molecule.

• Introduction
• Structure
• Stereoisomers
• Properties of Stereoisomers
• Separation of Stereoisomers
• Heterotopic ligands and faces
• Chiroptical properties

Catalyzed reactions have a lower energy rate limiting than the corresponding un-catalyzed reaction leading to a better reaction rate at a similar temperature and for similar chemical concentrations. However, the detailed mechanics of chemical change is complicated. Catalysts could affect the reaction atmosphere favorably or bind to the reagents to polarize bonds, for e.g. acid catalysts for reactions of Carbonyl compounds or type specific intermediates that don't seem to be created naturally like osmatic esters in osmium tetroxide-catalyzed hydroxylation of alkenes or cause dissociation of reagents to reactive forms like chemisorbed hydrogen in chemical reaction.

• Heterogeneous catalysts
• Homogenous catalysts
• Catalyst characterization methods
• Catalyst formulation and preparation methods
• Mechanism of catalytic reactions

Electrochemistry is the part of chemistry deals with the inter-relation of electrical and chemical changes that are caused by the flow of current. Electrochemistry is a multidisciplinary branch which enables to deal with several fields within the physical, chemical and biological sciences.

• Bio electrochemical  systems
• Molecular electrochemistry
• Synthetic electrochemistry
• Protein electrochemistry

Theories of chemical structure was first developed by August Kekule, Archibald Scott Couper, and Aleksandra Butlerov, among others, from about 1858. These theories were first to determine the chemical compounds are not a casual cluster of atoms and functional groups, but relatively had a definite order defined by the valence of the atoms composing the molecule, giving the molecules a 3-D structure that could be determined or solved.

In the field of chemistry reactivity is most important for the compound which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction, either by itself or with other materials, with a complete release of energy.

The chemical reactions of a single substance or the chemical reactions of two or more substances that interact with each other and the efficient study of sets of reactions of these two categories method that applies to the study of reactivity of chemicals of all kinds’ experimental techniques that are used to observe these procedures. Theories to expect and to explanation for these methods. The chemical reactivity of a single substance covers its behavior.

• Chemical composition
• Macromolecules
• Reactive intermediates
• Carbon anions and carbon action
• Electrophiles and nucleophiles